N-butylammonium iodide (BAI), is commonly added to 3D-perovskite precursor solutions to hinder the growth of 3D-perovskite grains, dramatically decreasing the roughness of films [1].

Compared with methylammonium iodide (MAI), it is believed that ammonium ions with longer chains will not be able to fit at the corner of PbX4's (X = I, Br, Cl) octahedral layers - resulting in the formation of layered perovskite (a.k.a. Ruddlesden–Popper) structures. BAX-incorporated layers demonstrated great improvement on lifetime and operational stability for LED devices.

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